Thursday, August 27, 2020

Saying No to Bribes †The Infosys Way

Defilement is far reaching in all social statuses in numerous pieces of the world. It is hard to characterize and recognize debasement clearly. Paying off is a type of defilement numerous corporate bodies attempt to enjoy. Organizations like Infosys couldn't help contradicting Government and different temporary workers who take to debasement thinking about it as the type of behavior that most people will accept as normal wonder. At last, the Infosys methodology worked and the message to the corporate world is that trustworthiness, straightforwardness and reasonableness can make you win regardless of the degenerate condition around you. This gives another understanding in to the Virtue Matrix and proposes that another socially dependable corporate world is in the offing. Disapproving of Bribes †The Infosys Way The Cut Out Tasks As a Regional Sales Manager of South East Asia, situated in Philippines, I want to attack the issue in earnest. I make some extreme memories meeting my corporate objectives. There are contenders. I comprehend my obligations that I owe to my manager. I don't have the opportunity to demonstrate an altogether hostile way to deal with the current types of debasement. Be that as it may, I unquestionably have the opportunity to pick the inclination with which I could move situations that include paying off either legitimately or in a roundabout way. I am pleased with Narayana Murthy of Infosys who asked the traditions official â€Å"What is the option in contrast to offering incentive? † and later he concluded â€Å"We will simply do that. † (Abdelal, Di Tella and Kothandaraman, 2007) It was an undermining second for Infosys strategically and monetarily toward the beginning up. The inquiry was raised whether Narayana Murthy had prevailing in corporate administration by being hostile to degenerate. The appropriate response especially lies in the way that the Indian Government granted Narayana Murthy with the corporate administration grant in 2000. Infosys developed remarkably. Today it is known for straightforwardness, genuineness and reliability. Moreover, it remains as a good example rousing the corporate world. I would turn away any circumstance that baits me towards debasement and exclusively benefits me. I would be strict in choosing decisions. The speculative case described by Narayana Murthy that ‘if he were going in Siberia alone and a woman was prepared to have a consensual relationship with him, he would deny it’ is a fine model that still, small voice administers us in our social status (Abdelal, Di Tella, Kothandaraman, 2007). The Infosys Strategy Next, I would think from an alternate point of view †the Infosys system. On the off chance that Infosys could disapprove of pay off and conquer troublesome occasions at its beginning up stage, why not my organization? Where there is a will, there is a way. I might want to build up my group with a positive note and inspire the colleagues to strive for a character. Character is earned through legit rehearses, straightforwardness, truthfulness, by being subjective and capable in business. The first and genuine test for Infosys was compromising both monetarily and politically when they didn't have a character. At a later stage, Narayana Murthy noted â€Å"We experience had zero difficulty with customs since then† (Abdelal, Di Tella, Kothandaraman, 2007). Different organizations like Tata Consulting Services and Wipro followed its way to remain non-degenerate in their dealings. At the point when an organization is given to debasement for at all explanation, there is no assurance that it would be in consistence with socially capable practices. Organizations like Infosys with its trustworthiness, honesty, and straightforwardness, will have the option to keep in consideration the common establishment at the hour of less sound economies. During pained occasions, just the believed senior administration of an organization can deflect the dangers required to perform well in the vital outskirts of the Virtue Matrix. The capable authority instilled with corporate temperance alone can work in the development and interests of the organization that keeps up balance among investors, representatives, their networks, and the earth. Other than the previously mentioned factors, the job of Government is essential in helping the organizations with arrangements that are fair and strong. This thus will enable the organizations to manufacture socially capable relations. The Infosys technique is unquestionably the correct system to construct the common establishment in India yet with desires despite everything anticipating from all sides. There is a developing pattern of numerous organizations following at any rate an insignificant level of social obligation. This means fabricating a common establishment in India utilizing Virtue Matrix is a close to probability. The Growing Trend in Asia The most recent three decades have seen a great deal of political and monetary changes in the Asian nations. The weight and request by the Non-Governmental Organizations, controllers and the social associations on corporate organizations are more. The joined exertion of Non-Governmental Organizations and a solid legitimate framework can drive away debasement and improve working conditions as it is now occurring in South Asia. Overall numerous organizations began demonstrating interests in social and ecological obligations. The extent of venturing up this positive pattern lies in astute adjustment of the Virtue Matrix by the organizations in Asia. Notwithstanding, the way that debasement in numerous Asian nations contrasted with numerous European nations is high, makes it hard to bring a radical change (Abdelal, Di Tella, and Kothandaraman, 2007). Guarding S and E Debasement is a pestilence which could spread down the chain of command following the hierarchy. Just if the top request is non-degenerate and show others how its done, the others in the organization will tail it. At the point when genuineness and uprightness are spurned by paying off, the organization can't show an immaculate face towards Skills and Engagements. On the off chance that at all it does, it is in the personal circumstances of the organization for income. The organizations ought to have morals and corporate goodness while creating innovation. This will advance socially mindful perspectives and abstain from encroaching the rights or using the ranges of abilities for their potential benefit.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Eight Years Wasted, the Economic Failures of the Bush Administration Essay Example for Free

Eight Years Wasted, the Economic Failures of the Bush Administration Essay Eight years squandered. That is the portrayal that befits the George W. Shrub organization of the United States somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2008. By the by, this isn't an instance of uncalled for analysis of the Bush organization, as verified by Republican Senator John McCain who served in Bush’s time (Curl). As per McCain as he battled for the administration in 2008, Bush spent a ton of the United States’ assets on the war in Iraq, which subsequently prompted a huge monetary downturn (Curl). The most evident effects of Bush’s activities are reflected in the adjustments in pace of joblessness, expansion, cash gracefully in the United States, and moves in remote trade rates just as loan costs (National Organization for Women). Joblessness The pace of joblessness has especially been stressing since the period somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2001 when Bush took the authority of the United States (OECD). As indicated by Shi and Stevens, the pace of joblessness has been fluctuating quickly since 2000 when it was around 4. 0 percent (59). Inside longer than a time of Bush’s initiative, the joblessness rate shot up to 5. 8 percent in 2002 (59). Ladies and their families were especially influenced by the high pace of joblessness, as they would once in a while make a decent living toward the beginning of the Bush organization. Truth be told, as per the National Organization for Women, the year 2001 denoted the time of gigantic occupation misfortune among ladies in more than 40 years (National Organization for Women). Along this line, the Institute for Womens Policy Research announced that in the period somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2004, ladies laborers lost more than 300,000 positions (National Organization for Women). In a similar expansiveness, joblessness rates among single parents increased of an effectively terrible circumstance of 9. 5 percent to a more awful degree of 10. 2 percent (National Organization for Women). Measurements from GPO Access show a dreary image of the expanding levels of joblessness since the year 2000 when the United States presidential political race that introduced President George Bush was held. In the figures gave, generally regular citizen joblessness rate varied from 4. 0 percent in 2000 to 6. 7 percent in November 2008, which denoted the finish of the Bush organization (Table 1). Along a similar line, a similar pattern in joblessness rate was seen among various age gatherings, fa Another part of the Bush administration’s disappointment is an uncontrolled increment in swelling. Toward the start of the Bush organization in 2001, there was an eminent decrease in the costs everything being equal and administrations when contrasted with the previous year. Maybe this was a result of the exertion by Bush to satisfy battle guarantees. The reality of the situation is that after 2001, the costs of all things went up, declining just marginally in 2003. From that point forward, there was a striking variance in the costs yet generally speaking, the costs stayed at an unequaled high. Truth be told, the 4. 1 percent change in cost of things (Table 2) was the most noteworthy edge to have been recorded since the 6. 1 percent rate recorded in 1990 at the stature of the Gulf War (Irwin and Dan. ). The significant expenses of wares and administrations saw during the Bush Administration not just influenced the budgetary places of numerous families yet additionally impacted the people’s access to fundamental administrations, for example, human services (Atkinson and Hutto). As indicated by Hanke, the 2003 United States enumeration demonstrated that any group of three lived on a mean of $51 every day. This figure was shown up at utilizing a suspicion that childcare and human services administrations were completely financed by the legislature (United States Department of Labor). By and by, this was not the situation for most families, as they needed to depend on their own way to help themselves. With regards to significant expense of wares and benefits and with specific reference to childcare and human services administrations, numerous families needed to spend as much as more than 20 percent of their salaries in quest for these administrations (Robinson). Concurring the New York Times, the Bush organization cut financing programs for some fundamental projects, for example, childcare, which were especially proper for single parent family units (The High Cost of Health Care). This move was done as the organization planned for improving and extending other disliked projects, for example, advancement of marriage (United States Bureau of Statistics). In any case, the drawback of this point is that as center was moved to more up to date programs, the previously existing projects endured a considerably heavier blow regarding the excessive costs that must be brought about (The High Cost of Health Care). As per Shi and Gregory, the most elevated number of individual without social insurance administrations was recorded in 2003 (60). This is on the grounds that most consideration was redirected to procurement of other fundamental products and administrations, for example, food and lodging (The High Cost of Health Care). However president Bush despite everything demanded subsidizing the war to expel President Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. This activity can be considered as an instance of lost need on the grounds that though President Bush was occupied with seeking after the United States international strategy, nearby undertakings (which maybe required more consideration) were tossed into disorder. Cash Supply During the Bush Administration, the flexibly of cash expanded, yet with certain variances. For example, the absolute estimation of the United States cash, traveler’s checks, request stores and other checkable stores rose from $1087. 4 billion to a high of $1473. 1 billion in October 2008 (GPO Access). The high gracefully of cash doesn't suggest that the United States economy improved in the time of eight years. Or maybe, it is a sign the estimation of the United States dollar could have deteriorated (Crutsinger and Aversa). In this manner, the enormous wholes of cash discharged to finance the war in Iraq in 2003 didn't add any stimulus to the United States economy (Crutsinger and Aversa). Rather, the economy got open to reference to a frail dollar against other world monetary forms. Regardless of the expansion in the aggregate of cash, there was an increment owing debtors of local nonfinancial parts from $18,183. 6 billion of every 2000 to $32,436. 5 billion out of 2006 . This implies nonfinancial establishments progressively needed to get during the period of George W. Hedge. It along these lines no big surprise that the United States was injured by an extraordinary monetary emergency just practically identical to the Great Depression towards the finish of Bush’s rule, the superseding factor being that the United States government had spent such a lot of cash on resistance and war in Iraq and Afghanistan to the detriment of inside turn of events. Outside Exchange As referenced above, there was an altogether high gracefully of cash in the United States, which typically prompted devaluation of the United States dollar. What's more, the period was described by a high pace of expansion, suggesting that impressively bigger entireties of cash would be utilized in purchasing products that would have been purchased economically in the prior period (Atkinson and Hutto). On the global scale, the significant expense of United States products implied that merchants needed to pay heaps of cash to obtain the merchandise, which at last brought down the degree of universal exchange between the United States and different nations (Table 3). Thus, the United States dollar changed against other world monetary standards, for example, the Japanese yen, the Sterling Pound, Chinese yuan and the Australian dollar (Atkinson and Hutto). For example, the Sterling Pound traded at between $1. 9548 and $2. 0442 of every 2007 (Table 3), which was an exceptionally enormous variety. The solid dollar against the yen somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2002, which was the start of the Bush organization, debilitated importation by Japan from the United States (Atkinson and Hutto). Simultaneously, residents of the United States selected to import significant things, for example, autos to the detriment of the privately fabricated ones, along these lines putting the United States car industry in the mess in which it is today (OECD). The outcome of this is significant contenders, for example, the Japanese automakers have unfavorably influenced neighborhood automakers, for example, Ford, and the entire business has been reserved for recovery in the Economic Stimulus Package (OECD). Loan costs Government security yields and financing costs for the most part declined somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2008. For example, the estimation of bills at sell off declined consistently from $ 5. 85 to $1. 01 of every 2003, except consistently rose from $1. 38 to $4. 73 of every 2006 (GPO Access). The low cost of bonds implied that banks were in a situation to buy greater government bonds, along these lines occupying their consideration from other budgetary help clients, for example, borrowers (Crutsinger and Aversa). Eventually, banks had to force high financing costs on the advances they offered to general society, inferring that most private company holders and people were injured by a gigantic credit crunch (Crutsinger and Aversa). The resulting credit crunch unfavorably influenced the United States economy especially towards the parts of the bargains of the Bush organization (Crutsinger and Aversa). Banks were generally influenced by the budgetary hardships and this required the Bush organization to think about taking responsibility for banks in an offer to shield them from crumbling (Crutsinger and Aversa). This move was anyway likewise poorly arranged, as it would bring about pointless government consumption, coming about into higher swelling in the United States (Hanke). Moreover, there was no affirmation that with the government’s securing of the banks, their presentation would improve (Hanke). End Even however the world saw a gigantic financial downturn, the troubles in the United States originated from the way that the Bush organization spent unreasonably on the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which by and large debilitated the exhibition of most neighborhood inst

Friday, August 21, 2020

Essay Topics in English For Grade 9

Essay Topics in English For Grade 9There are many essay topics in English for grade 9 students. The most common essay topics tend to be about the history of the United States, and what type of American he or she is. Some students prefer historical subjects, while others prefer to write on current topics in the news.The essays are also given based on their writing ability and if they are able to complete the task or not. They are also assessed by how well they can respond to the questions and assignments asked. Every student has different needs, and the teacher will base on these needs in order to assign the assignment. The students may be told the topic and expected to write an essay on it or they may be allowed to choose one for them to write on.Some students may be tempted to try to write essays on topics that they are well-versed with but this is actually a big no-no as you will end up failing your class. Essays that are chosen because of this fact will not be properly evaluated. You need to give your students something that they can relate to and that is important to them. It is also good to explain to them how to explain things better, and explain the sources so that they do not have any misconceptions. The students should also be given adequate time to complete the assignment so that they can be judged on what they learn and not how long it took them to do the assignment.A good essay topic in English for grade 9 is one that is based on history and will not have too much focus on contemporary topics that are only relevant for a specific age. The students should be able to write a balanced paper, not just based on making sure that they are able to fill up the required space. It is best to keep essays simple and avoid things like grammar or spelling mistakes.Essay topics in Englishfor grades 9 include things like political topics, topics that are used in the exam, topics that may not appear to be relevant at first, and even factual issues. If you do not know what to write then it is a good idea to find an instructor and ask them for a list of topics that are in the syllabus. Your instructor will be able to give you a list of things that you can write about.After you have the list of topics that you need to write on, you will need to organize it and think about what topic to write about. Some of the topics may already be covered in your syllabus and others you will need to research more. After you have put all of your topics in the order you will have to research on the topic.In order to write the best essay topics in English for grade 9 students need to make sure that they do their research and prepare themselves well before the semester starts. Most of the topics that are given out need a lot of research and planning. Students will also need to be confident that they are able to come up with an excellent essay.English is a subject that are necessary in grade school, but there are many essays that need to be written, but it is not easy . The grades are based on how well the student wrote the essay and not on how much time the student spent thinking about the topic. This means that the essay must be written well and without too much stress. The student should be able to follow directions and organize the topic effectively.

Monday, May 25, 2020

Characterization of Dmitry Dmitrich Gurov Essay - 1251 Words

Chekhov is part of a non-typical category of artists, because he did not believed in his genius, on the contrary, there are evidence that he believed that his work will not conquer time and posterity. Spectacular, just like Russia at the border between the 19th and 20th century, Chekhov was born the son of serfs in 1860 (Tsar Alexander will abolish serfdom in 1861) only to become a landlord 32 years later, and a neighbor of Prince Shakovskoi. He bought the Melikhovo estate (unconsciously imitating Tolstoy, the patriarch of Iasnaia Polyana), not far from Moscow, with 13 thousand rubles of which he has paid an advance of five thousand. Chekhov is the true precursor of the theater of the absurd. Before the beckettian waiting there was the†¦show more content†¦Neither is prepared to leave his family or to live a double life. Both suffer, but what they cherish the most is love, so they hope that in time they will find a solution. However, life brings them something different, something that nobody imagined - the civil war and revolution breaks out. The whole country is devastated by the tragic chaos of the revolution and their love disappears in the distance. Summary Lady with the Pet Dog is a short story written in 1899, a time when Chekhov spent most of the time in his house in Yalta. He lived usually alone and often weakened by the effects of tuberculosis, tired of the city’s provincialism, but never losing his charm and humor. He felt difficult to write in Yalta; also, he stopped working as a doctor some few years ago. Yalta became a kind of exile of his. It seems that Olga Knipper, - his sweet actress†, and wonderful woman often complained to him in long letter that she is depressed, and he tried to cheer her with the perspective of reunion (Benedetti, 112). In the short story Lady with the Pet Dog, what initially seems to be a simple adultery, as so many others, turns into a great love story. He, Dmitri Dmitrievich Gurov, a man passed his early youth, with an unhappy marriage in which, for years, has saved himself by throwing his life into countless love affairs, lives in Moscow. She, Anna Sergeyevna, very young,

Friday, May 15, 2020

A Short History of the Great Depression

The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 to 1941,  was a severe economic downturn caused by  an overly-confident,  over-extended stock market and a drought that struck the South.   In an attempt to end the Great Depression, the U.S. government took  unprecedented direct action to help  stimulate the economy. Despite this help, it was  the increased production needed for ​World War II that finally ended the Great Depression. The Stock Market Crash After nearly a decade of optimism and prosperity, the United States was thrown into despair on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed and the official beginning of the Great Depression. As stock prices plummeted with no hope of recovery, panic struck. Masses and masses of people tried to sell their stock, but no one was buying. The stock market, which had appeared to be the surest way to become rich, quickly became the path to bankruptcy. And yet, the Stock Market Crash was just the beginning. Since many banks had also invested large portions of their clients savings in the stock market, these banks were forced to close when the stock market crashed. Seeing a few banks close caused another panic across the country. Afraid they would lose their own savings, people rushed to banks that were still open to withdraw their money. This massive withdrawal of cash caused additional banks to close. Since there was no way for a banks clients to recover any of their savings once the bank had closed, those who didnt reach the bank in time also became bankrupt. 1:44 Watch Now: What Led to the Great Depression? Unemployment Businesses and industry were also affected. Despite President Herbert Hoover asking businesses to maintain their wage rates, many businesses, having lost much of their own capital in either the Stock Market Crash or the bank closures, started cutting back their workers hours or wages.  In turn, consumers began to curb their spending, refraining from purchasing such things as luxury goods. This lack of consumer spending caused additional businesses to cut back wages or, more drastically, to lay off some of their workers. Some businesses couldnt stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leaving all their workers unemployed. Unemployment was a huge problem during the Great Depression. From 1929 to 1933, the unemployment rate in the United States rose from  3.2% to the incredibly high 24.9%—meaning that one out of every four people were out of work.   PhotoQuest / Getty Images The Dust Bowl In previous depressions, farmers were usually safe from the severe effects of the depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms, creating what became known as the Dust Bowl. Years and years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the grass to disappear. With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without their crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard. Even before the dust storms hit, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could the small farmer not feed himself and his family, he could not pay back his debt. Banks would then foreclose on the small farms and the farmers family would be both homeless and unemployed. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images Riding the Rails During the Great Depression, millions of people were out of work across the United States. Unable to find another job locally, many unemployed people hit the road, traveling from place to place, hoping to find some work. A few of these people had cars, but most hitchhiked or rode the rails. A large portion of the people who rode the rails were teenagers, but there were also older men, women, and entire families who traveled in this manner. They would board freight trains and crisscross the country, hoping to find a job in one of the towns along the way. When there was a job opening, there were often literally a thousand people applying for the same job. Those who werent lucky enough to get the job would perhaps stay in a shantytown (known as Hoovervilles) outside of town. Housing in the shantytown was built out of any material that could be found freely, like driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The farmers who had lost their homes and land usually headed west to California, where they heard rumors of agricultural jobs. Unfortunately, although there was some seasonal work, the conditions for these families were transient and hostile. Since many of these farmers came from Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were called the derogatory names of Okies and Arkies. (The stories of these migrants to California were immortalized in the fictional book, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck.) Roosevelt and the New Deal The U.S. economy broke down and entered the Great Depression during the presidency of Herbert Hoover. Although President Hoover repeatedly spoke of optimism, the people blamed him for the Great Depression. Just as the shantytowns were named Hoovervilles after him, newspapers became known as Hoover blankets, pockets of pants turned inside out (to show they were empty) were called Hoover flags, and broken-down cars pulled by horses were known as Hoover wagons. During the 1932 presidential election, Hoover did not stand a chance at reelection and Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide. People of the United States had high hopes that President Roosevelt would be able to solve all their woes. As soon as Roosevelt took office, he closed all the banks and only let them reopen once they were stabilized. Next, Roosevelt began to establish programs that became known as the New Deal. These New Deal programs were most commonly known by their initials, which reminded some people of alphabet soup. Some of these programs were aimed at helping farmers, like the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration). While other programs, such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) and the WPA (Works Progress Administration), attempted to help curb unemployment by hiring people for various projects. The End of the Great Depression To many at the time, President Roosevelt was a hero. They believed that he cared deeply for the common man and that he was doing his best to end the Great Depression. Looking back, however, it is uncertain as to how much Roosevelts New Deal programs helped to end the Great Depression. By all accounts, the New Deal programs eased the hardships of the Great Depression; however, the U.S. economy was still extremely bad by the end of the 1930s. The major turn-around for the U.S. economy occurred after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the entrance of the United States into World War II. Once the U.S. was involved in the war, both people and industry became essential to the war effort. Weapons, artillery, ships, and airplanes were needed quickly. Men were trained to become soldiers and the women were kept on the home front to keep the factories going. Food needed to be grown for both the homefront and to send overseas. It was ultimately the entrance of the U.S. into World War II that ended the Great Depression in the United States.

A Short History of the Great Depression

The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 to 1941,  was a severe economic downturn caused by  an overly-confident,  over-extended stock market and a drought that struck the South.   In an attempt to end the Great Depression, the U.S. government took  unprecedented direct action to help  stimulate the economy. Despite this help, it was  the increased production needed for ​World War II that finally ended the Great Depression. The Stock Market Crash After nearly a decade of optimism and prosperity, the United States was thrown into despair on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed and the official beginning of the Great Depression. As stock prices plummeted with no hope of recovery, panic struck. Masses and masses of people tried to sell their stock, but no one was buying. The stock market, which had appeared to be the surest way to become rich, quickly became the path to bankruptcy. And yet, the Stock Market Crash was just the beginning. Since many banks had also invested large portions of their clients savings in the stock market, these banks were forced to close when the stock market crashed. Seeing a few banks close caused another panic across the country. Afraid they would lose their own savings, people rushed to banks that were still open to withdraw their money. This massive withdrawal of cash caused additional banks to close. Since there was no way for a banks clients to recover any of their savings once the bank had closed, those who didnt reach the bank in time also became bankrupt. 1:44 Watch Now: What Led to the Great Depression? Unemployment Businesses and industry were also affected. Despite President Herbert Hoover asking businesses to maintain their wage rates, many businesses, having lost much of their own capital in either the Stock Market Crash or the bank closures, started cutting back their workers hours or wages.  In turn, consumers began to curb their spending, refraining from purchasing such things as luxury goods. This lack of consumer spending caused additional businesses to cut back wages or, more drastically, to lay off some of their workers. Some businesses couldnt stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leaving all their workers unemployed. Unemployment was a huge problem during the Great Depression. From 1929 to 1933, the unemployment rate in the United States rose from  3.2% to the incredibly high 24.9%—meaning that one out of every four people were out of work.   PhotoQuest / Getty Images The Dust Bowl In previous depressions, farmers were usually safe from the severe effects of the depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms, creating what became known as the Dust Bowl. Years and years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the grass to disappear. With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without their crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard. Even before the dust storms hit, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could the small farmer not feed himself and his family, he could not pay back his debt. Banks would then foreclose on the small farms and the farmers family would be both homeless and unemployed. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images Riding the Rails During the Great Depression, millions of people were out of work across the United States. Unable to find another job locally, many unemployed people hit the road, traveling from place to place, hoping to find some work. A few of these people had cars, but most hitchhiked or rode the rails. A large portion of the people who rode the rails were teenagers, but there were also older men, women, and entire families who traveled in this manner. They would board freight trains and crisscross the country, hoping to find a job in one of the towns along the way. When there was a job opening, there were often literally a thousand people applying for the same job. Those who werent lucky enough to get the job would perhaps stay in a shantytown (known as Hoovervilles) outside of town. Housing in the shantytown was built out of any material that could be found freely, like driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The farmers who had lost their homes and land usually headed west to California, where they heard rumors of agricultural jobs. Unfortunately, although there was some seasonal work, the conditions for these families were transient and hostile. Since many of these farmers came from Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were called the derogatory names of Okies and Arkies. (The stories of these migrants to California were immortalized in the fictional book, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck.) Roosevelt and the New Deal The U.S. economy broke down and entered the Great Depression during the presidency of Herbert Hoover. Although President Hoover repeatedly spoke of optimism, the people blamed him for the Great Depression. Just as the shantytowns were named Hoovervilles after him, newspapers became known as Hoover blankets, pockets of pants turned inside out (to show they were empty) were called Hoover flags, and broken-down cars pulled by horses were known as Hoover wagons. During the 1932 presidential election, Hoover did not stand a chance at reelection and Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide. People of the United States had high hopes that President Roosevelt would be able to solve all their woes. As soon as Roosevelt took office, he closed all the banks and only let them reopen once they were stabilized. Next, Roosevelt began to establish programs that became known as the New Deal. These New Deal programs were most commonly known by their initials, which reminded some people of alphabet soup. Some of these programs were aimed at helping farmers, like the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration). While other programs, such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) and the WPA (Works Progress Administration), attempted to help curb unemployment by hiring people for various projects. The End of the Great Depression To many at the time, President Roosevelt was a hero. They believed that he cared deeply for the common man and that he was doing his best to end the Great Depression. Looking back, however, it is uncertain as to how much Roosevelts New Deal programs helped to end the Great Depression. By all accounts, the New Deal programs eased the hardships of the Great Depression; however, the U.S. economy was still extremely bad by the end of the 1930s. The major turn-around for the U.S. economy occurred after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the entrance of the United States into World War II. Once the U.S. was involved in the war, both people and industry became essential to the war effort. Weapons, artillery, ships, and airplanes were needed quickly. Men were trained to become soldiers and the women were kept on the home front to keep the factories going. Food needed to be grown for both the homefront and to send overseas. It was ultimately the entrance of the U.S. into World War II that ended the Great Depression in the United States.

A Short History of the Great Depression

The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 to 1941,  was a severe economic downturn caused by  an overly-confident,  over-extended stock market and a drought that struck the South.   In an attempt to end the Great Depression, the U.S. government took  unprecedented direct action to help  stimulate the economy. Despite this help, it was  the increased production needed for ​World War II that finally ended the Great Depression. The Stock Market Crash After nearly a decade of optimism and prosperity, the United States was thrown into despair on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed and the official beginning of the Great Depression. As stock prices plummeted with no hope of recovery, panic struck. Masses and masses of people tried to sell their stock, but no one was buying. The stock market, which had appeared to be the surest way to become rich, quickly became the path to bankruptcy. And yet, the Stock Market Crash was just the beginning. Since many banks had also invested large portions of their clients savings in the stock market, these banks were forced to close when the stock market crashed. Seeing a few banks close caused another panic across the country. Afraid they would lose their own savings, people rushed to banks that were still open to withdraw their money. This massive withdrawal of cash caused additional banks to close. Since there was no way for a banks clients to recover any of their savings once the bank had closed, those who didnt reach the bank in time also became bankrupt. 1:44 Watch Now: What Led to the Great Depression? Unemployment Businesses and industry were also affected. Despite President Herbert Hoover asking businesses to maintain their wage rates, many businesses, having lost much of their own capital in either the Stock Market Crash or the bank closures, started cutting back their workers hours or wages.  In turn, consumers began to curb their spending, refraining from purchasing such things as luxury goods. This lack of consumer spending caused additional businesses to cut back wages or, more drastically, to lay off some of their workers. Some businesses couldnt stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leaving all their workers unemployed. Unemployment was a huge problem during the Great Depression. From 1929 to 1933, the unemployment rate in the United States rose from  3.2% to the incredibly high 24.9%—meaning that one out of every four people were out of work.   PhotoQuest / Getty Images The Dust Bowl In previous depressions, farmers were usually safe from the severe effects of the depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms, creating what became known as the Dust Bowl. Years and years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the grass to disappear. With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without their crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard. Even before the dust storms hit, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could the small farmer not feed himself and his family, he could not pay back his debt. Banks would then foreclose on the small farms and the farmers family would be both homeless and unemployed. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images Riding the Rails During the Great Depression, millions of people were out of work across the United States. Unable to find another job locally, many unemployed people hit the road, traveling from place to place, hoping to find some work. A few of these people had cars, but most hitchhiked or rode the rails. A large portion of the people who rode the rails were teenagers, but there were also older men, women, and entire families who traveled in this manner. They would board freight trains and crisscross the country, hoping to find a job in one of the towns along the way. When there was a job opening, there were often literally a thousand people applying for the same job. Those who werent lucky enough to get the job would perhaps stay in a shantytown (known as Hoovervilles) outside of town. Housing in the shantytown was built out of any material that could be found freely, like driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The farmers who had lost their homes and land usually headed west to California, where they heard rumors of agricultural jobs. Unfortunately, although there was some seasonal work, the conditions for these families were transient and hostile. Since many of these farmers came from Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were called the derogatory names of Okies and Arkies. (The stories of these migrants to California were immortalized in the fictional book, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck.) Roosevelt and the New Deal The U.S. economy broke down and entered the Great Depression during the presidency of Herbert Hoover. Although President Hoover repeatedly spoke of optimism, the people blamed him for the Great Depression. Just as the shantytowns were named Hoovervilles after him, newspapers became known as Hoover blankets, pockets of pants turned inside out (to show they were empty) were called Hoover flags, and broken-down cars pulled by horses were known as Hoover wagons. During the 1932 presidential election, Hoover did not stand a chance at reelection and Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide. People of the United States had high hopes that President Roosevelt would be able to solve all their woes. As soon as Roosevelt took office, he closed all the banks and only let them reopen once they were stabilized. Next, Roosevelt began to establish programs that became known as the New Deal. These New Deal programs were most commonly known by their initials, which reminded some people of alphabet soup. Some of these programs were aimed at helping farmers, like the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration). While other programs, such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) and the WPA (Works Progress Administration), attempted to help curb unemployment by hiring people for various projects. The End of the Great Depression To many at the time, President Roosevelt was a hero. They believed that he cared deeply for the common man and that he was doing his best to end the Great Depression. Looking back, however, it is uncertain as to how much Roosevelts New Deal programs helped to end the Great Depression. By all accounts, the New Deal programs eased the hardships of the Great Depression; however, the U.S. economy was still extremely bad by the end of the 1930s. The major turn-around for the U.S. economy occurred after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the entrance of the United States into World War II. Once the U.S. was involved in the war, both people and industry became essential to the war effort. Weapons, artillery, ships, and airplanes were needed quickly. Men were trained to become soldiers and the women were kept on the home front to keep the factories going. Food needed to be grown for both the homefront and to send overseas. It was ultimately the entrance of the U.S. into World War II that ended the Great Depression in the United States.

A Short History of the Great Depression

The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 to 1941,  was a severe economic downturn caused by  an overly-confident,  over-extended stock market and a drought that struck the South.   In an attempt to end the Great Depression, the U.S. government took  unprecedented direct action to help  stimulate the economy. Despite this help, it was  the increased production needed for ​World War II that finally ended the Great Depression. The Stock Market Crash After nearly a decade of optimism and prosperity, the United States was thrown into despair on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed and the official beginning of the Great Depression. As stock prices plummeted with no hope of recovery, panic struck. Masses and masses of people tried to sell their stock, but no one was buying. The stock market, which had appeared to be the surest way to become rich, quickly became the path to bankruptcy. And yet, the Stock Market Crash was just the beginning. Since many banks had also invested large portions of their clients savings in the stock market, these banks were forced to close when the stock market crashed. Seeing a few banks close caused another panic across the country. Afraid they would lose their own savings, people rushed to banks that were still open to withdraw their money. This massive withdrawal of cash caused additional banks to close. Since there was no way for a banks clients to recover any of their savings once the bank had closed, those who didnt reach the bank in time also became bankrupt. 1:44 Watch Now: What Led to the Great Depression? Unemployment Businesses and industry were also affected. Despite President Herbert Hoover asking businesses to maintain their wage rates, many businesses, having lost much of their own capital in either the Stock Market Crash or the bank closures, started cutting back their workers hours or wages.  In turn, consumers began to curb their spending, refraining from purchasing such things as luxury goods. This lack of consumer spending caused additional businesses to cut back wages or, more drastically, to lay off some of their workers. Some businesses couldnt stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leaving all their workers unemployed. Unemployment was a huge problem during the Great Depression. From 1929 to 1933, the unemployment rate in the United States rose from  3.2% to the incredibly high 24.9%—meaning that one out of every four people were out of work.   PhotoQuest / Getty Images The Dust Bowl In previous depressions, farmers were usually safe from the severe effects of the depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms, creating what became known as the Dust Bowl. Years and years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the grass to disappear. With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without their crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard. Even before the dust storms hit, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could the small farmer not feed himself and his family, he could not pay back his debt. Banks would then foreclose on the small farms and the farmers family would be both homeless and unemployed. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images Riding the Rails During the Great Depression, millions of people were out of work across the United States. Unable to find another job locally, many unemployed people hit the road, traveling from place to place, hoping to find some work. A few of these people had cars, but most hitchhiked or rode the rails. A large portion of the people who rode the rails were teenagers, but there were also older men, women, and entire families who traveled in this manner. They would board freight trains and crisscross the country, hoping to find a job in one of the towns along the way. When there was a job opening, there were often literally a thousand people applying for the same job. Those who werent lucky enough to get the job would perhaps stay in a shantytown (known as Hoovervilles) outside of town. Housing in the shantytown was built out of any material that could be found freely, like driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The farmers who had lost their homes and land usually headed west to California, where they heard rumors of agricultural jobs. Unfortunately, although there was some seasonal work, the conditions for these families were transient and hostile. Since many of these farmers came from Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were called the derogatory names of Okies and Arkies. (The stories of these migrants to California were immortalized in the fictional book, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck.) Roosevelt and the New Deal The U.S. economy broke down and entered the Great Depression during the presidency of Herbert Hoover. Although President Hoover repeatedly spoke of optimism, the people blamed him for the Great Depression. Just as the shantytowns were named Hoovervilles after him, newspapers became known as Hoover blankets, pockets of pants turned inside out (to show they were empty) were called Hoover flags, and broken-down cars pulled by horses were known as Hoover wagons. During the 1932 presidential election, Hoover did not stand a chance at reelection and Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide. People of the United States had high hopes that President Roosevelt would be able to solve all their woes. As soon as Roosevelt took office, he closed all the banks and only let them reopen once they were stabilized. Next, Roosevelt began to establish programs that became known as the New Deal. These New Deal programs were most commonly known by their initials, which reminded some people of alphabet soup. Some of these programs were aimed at helping farmers, like the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration). While other programs, such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) and the WPA (Works Progress Administration), attempted to help curb unemployment by hiring people for various projects. The End of the Great Depression To many at the time, President Roosevelt was a hero. They believed that he cared deeply for the common man and that he was doing his best to end the Great Depression. Looking back, however, it is uncertain as to how much Roosevelts New Deal programs helped to end the Great Depression. By all accounts, the New Deal programs eased the hardships of the Great Depression; however, the U.S. economy was still extremely bad by the end of the 1930s. The major turn-around for the U.S. economy occurred after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the entrance of the United States into World War II. Once the U.S. was involved in the war, both people and industry became essential to the war effort. Weapons, artillery, ships, and airplanes were needed quickly. Men were trained to become soldiers and the women were kept on the home front to keep the factories going. Food needed to be grown for both the homefront and to send overseas. It was ultimately the entrance of the U.S. into World War II that ended the Great Depression in the United States.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay on Creon As The Tragic Hero Of Antigone by Sophocles

Creon As The Tragic Hero Of Antigone by Sophocles Greek tragedy would not be complete with out a tragic hero. Sophocles wrote Antigone with a specific character in mind for this part. Based on Aristotle’s definition, Creon is the tragic hero of Antigone. Creon fits Aristotle’s tragic hero traits as a significant person who is faced with difficult decisions. Creon is significant because he is king. This makes him both renowned and prosperous. Creon is not completely good nor completely bad; he is somewhere in-between, as humans are. The audience can relate to this and they admire his qualities of intelligence in political affairs. They can also relate to his ability to make hard decisions with apparent ease. These hard decisions are†¦show more content†¦Creon doesn’t want to show weakness, even for family, but he doesn’t want to kill Antigone, who is not only his niece and sister, but engaged to his son. The final decision that Creon must make is whether or not to revoke his death sentence on Antigone. Creon would be doing the right thing, but it would show that he was wrong in a previous decision and he does not want to admit that he was wrong. Unfortunately, Creon does not always make the correct decision because of personality traits that he possesses. When Creon sentences Antigone to death, he is wrong. This decision is based on Creon’s downfalls. He has hamartia and he judges wrong, and he also suffers from hubris. He is excessively prideful and believes that his choice is the only correct one. Creon also has an inaccurate view of his place in relation to the Gods. He believes he is in a position to know what They want and know what They feel is best. No mortal truly knows what the Gods want, but Creon believes he does because he cannot imagine that what he believes is wrong, even to the Gods. Antigone’s death is a bad decision that Creon makes based on his beliefs that the Gods view Polyneices as a traitor and would not want him honored in death. Creon’s bad decision leads to his eventual downfall and demise. Creon realizes his hubris and his wrong decision a little too late. Antigone is already dead, and he cannot correct his wrong-doing. This makes the audience feel pity for him, for heShow MoreRelatedEssay on Creon as the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone1326 Words   |  6 PagesCreon as the Tragic Hero in Antigone     Ã‚   This essay will compare two of the characters in â€Å"Antigone†, Antigone and Creon, in an effort to determine the identity of the tragic hero in this tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To identify the tragic hero in Sophocles’ renowned play â€Å"Antigone†, we should first consider both the elements present in Greek tragedies and what characteristics define a tragic hero. Aristotle’s definition of tragedy is: â€Å"Tragedy is a story taking the hero from happiness to miseryRead More Creon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesCreon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone There has always been a bit of confusion as to the tragic hero of the Greek Drama Antigone. Many assume that simply because the play is named for Antigone, that she is the tragic hero. However, evidence supports that Creon, and not Antigone, is the tragic hero of the play. Examining the factors that create a Greek Tragedy, and a tragic character, it is clear that the tragic hero is in fact Creon. First, take into account the timeframe in whichRead MoreEssay on Creon as the Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone997 Words   |  4 PagesCreon as the Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone?   This question has been the subject of a great debate for numerous years.   Equal arguments exist that portray Antigone as the tragic heroine in the play and Creon as the tragic hero.   Aristotle, in his study of Greek drama entitled Poetics, provided the framework that determines the tragic hero of a work.   Though Antigone definitely possesses the characteristics and qualities thatRead More Creon is the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Creon is the Tragic Hero of Antigone nbsp; When the title of a play is a characters name, it is normally assumed that the character is the protagonist of the play. In Sophocles Antigone, most people probably believe Antigone to be the tragic heroine, even after they have finished watching the play. It may be argued, however, that Creon, not Antigone, is the tragic character. When we examine the nature and concept of the Greek Tragedy and what it means to be a tragic character, it becomesRead More Creon As Tragic Hero of Sophocles’ Antigone Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesCreon As Tragic Hero of Sophocles’ Antigone Since the play’s inception, there has always existed a contention concerning the true hero of Sophocles’ Antigone. It is a widely held belief that Antigone must be the main character simply because she and the drama share name. This is, of course, a very logical assumption. Certainly Sophocles must have at least meant her to be viewed as the protagonist, else he would not have given her the play’s title. Analytically speaking, however, Creon doesRead MoreEssay on Creon The Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone723 Words   |  3 PagesCreon The Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Every Greek tragedy must have a tragic hero. In Sophocle’s play, Antigone, the most tragic hero is Creon. He is an essentially good man of high position who takes pride in his role as king. He possesses the tragic flaws of excessive pride and an oversized ego. This causes the tragic reversal that leads to his emotional ruin and eventual remorse and repentance. As King of Thebes, Creon is forced to make difficult decisions. As a new ruler, he feelsRead MoreEssay about The Tragic Hero Creon in Antigone by Sophocles818 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play, Antigone by Sophocles, at first glance readers assume that Antigone is the tragic hero. However, this is not the case. Although Antigone does display some characteristics of a tragic hero, I believe that Creon is the true tragic hero. For many readers, it may be a challenge to see Creon as the tragic hero; however, when you take a second look at the play, you can see that Creon displays every quality of a tragic hero. Creon’s power and pride as well as going against the gods all leadRead More Creon as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay1908 Words   |  8 PagesCreon as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Antigone Tragedy always involves human suffering, but not everyone who suffers is a Tragic Hero. According to Aristotle, there are five basic criteria that must be met for a character to be considered a Tragic Hero. Aristotle’s ideas about tragedy were recorded in his book of literacy theory titled Poetics. In it he has a great deal to say about the structure, purpose and intended effect of tragedy. His ideas have been adopted, disputed, expanded, and discussedRead MoreEssay about Creon Defines the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone762 Words   |  4 PagesAntigone - Creon Defines the Tragic Hero   Ã‚   Antigone, written by Sophocles is a tale of a tragic hero who suffers with the recognition and realization of his tragic flaw. Although this short story is titled after Antigone, Creon is the main character and he provides the moral significance in the play. First, Creon withholds the respect of his citizens but it is clear to them he is not perfect through his pride (tragic flaw). Secondly, his radical reversal of fortune is made clear afterRead MoreEssay about The True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone There has always been a great debate over who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone. Many scholars would stake claim to Antigone possessing all the necessary characteristics of a true tragic hero, but many others would argue that Creon holds many qualities as well. It is hard to discount Antigone as a tragic hero, because in fact, the play bears her name, but from careful reading, Creon meets Aristotles criteria exactly and fits

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Consumer Promotion free essay sample

I expect this report to fulfill the requirements of my internship program (BBA 449) at Unilever Bangladesh Limited. I have put in my best efforts to make this report a success. However, I am sure that this report could have been a more superior one, if it had not been my first time to conduct such a relational study. However this has obviously been a great source of learning for me to conduct similar research studies in future. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to you for your guidance and suggestions in preparing the report. I will be happy to provide any further explanation regarding this research report if necessary. Thanking You. Sincerely yours, Muhammad Mashfiq Huq ID# 0131001 Acknowledgements In preparing this report a considerable amount of thinking and informational inputs from various sources were involved. I express my sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed towards making this research report possible. Major contributions were received from officials at Unilever Bangladesh Limited and Independent University, Bangladesh. First of all I would like to thank the authorities of Unilever Bangladesh Limited to give me the prized opportunity to do my internship at their prestigious organization. The experience and knowledge gained at Unilever Bangladesh Limited helped me immensely to address and understand all the elements related to my report, which I otherwise would not have understood so well. I would like to specially thank my supervisor at Unilever Bangladesh Limited, Mr Rajeeb Bhattacharjee, Product Group Manager for Wheel, for his absolute support, co-operation and encouragement that he extended to me from the very first day. In spite of having a very busy schedule, he made sure in every way that I acquire the best possible exposure and knowledge during my tenure as an intern under him. My sincere gratitude goes to my internship supervisor Mr. Muzahid Akbar, for encouraging me at the very first place, to undertake such a relational study to fulfill my internship requirements. He gave all the time and attention, which I needed to complete my research and compile my report in as much orderly way as possible. Last but not the least I would like to thank the respondents of my survey, for sparing the time to fill out the questionnaires. This research would not have been possible without their valuable inputs. Table of Contents Page Executive Summary 1. 0 Introduction 1. Statement of the Problem 1. 2 Purpose of the Study 1. 3 Research Timeline 1. 4 Limitations 2. 0 Review of Literature 2. 1 Consumer Promotion 2. 2 Price Perceptions 2. 3 Product Quality Perceptions 2. 4 Brand Loyalty 2. 5 Relation between consumer promotion and product quality perception 2. 6 Relationship between price perception and product quality perceptions 2. 7 Relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty 2. 8 Relationship between price perception and brand loyalty 2. 9 Relationship between quality perception and brand loyalty 3. 0 Research Questions 4. 0 Hypothesis 5. Development of Conceptual Framework I 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 6. 0 Methodology 6. 1 Research design 6. 2 Sampling method 6. 3 Survey instrument 6. 4 Data Collection 6. 5 Data Analysis 7. 0 Results 7. 1 Reliability coefficients and descriptive statistics 7. 2 Correlation analysis 7. 3 Regression analysis 7. 3. 1 Regression analysis for Model 1 7. 3. 2 Regression analysis for Model 2 8. 0 Assessment of Research Hypothesis 9. 0 Recommendation 10. 0 Conslusion References Appendices 11 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 15 16 16 17 18 22 24 25 29 List of Tables Page 1. Reliability coefficients and descriptive statistics 2. Correlation matrix of the study variables 3. Stepwise regression on Product Quality Perceptions 4. Stepwise regression on Brand Loyalty 13 15 16 17 Executive Summary This paper is directed towards exploring the relationship between consumer promotion, price perception, product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Through sizeable literature review and discussions it is known that there is considerable correlation that exists among the study variables mentioned above. The data sampling was conducted on the customers of different brands of detergents. A structured questionnaire was used to find out the views of people regarding consumer promotion in detergent brands, price perceptions about the promoted brands of detergent, product quality perceptions about those brands and also to find out about brand loyalty in the detergent markets. A correlation analysis and a stepwise regression analysis were run on the collected data to analytically explore the relations and their extent. It was found that consumer promotion is positively correlated with the product quality perceptions and brand loyalty of those brands. Meaning that if a person views the consumer promotion positively, then his/ her perception of the product quality about a promoting brand will be proportionately high. It also means that the chances of the same person being brand loyal towards that brand would also be high. There is a positive correlation of price perception with perceived quality and brand loyalty. According to this, if the perceived prices of the promoted brands are fair then it would have positive effects on product quality perception and brand loyalty of that brand. It has also been found that product quality perceptions about promoted brands are positively correlated with brand loyalty of those brands. Overall consumer promotions are expected to give positive results with the people who have positive views about consumer promotion and who can be influenced by promotional efforts. So while deciding about consumer promotion it should be thought in advance that who is the consumer promotion activity aimed at. This way wastage of large amounts of money can be avoided by spending on ineffective consumer promotion activity. Every effort should be given to make the consumers think that the prices of the promoted brand are fair, even when there is no promotional activity is undertaken. Though there is a tendency in the detergent market to provide frequent promotional offers, yet the perceived quality should in no way go down because there is a good possibility that the brand loyalty would also go down. Introduction Bangladesh has a detergent market of about 8. 8 billion taka of which Unilever occupies a share of 30% making it the market leader. The major competitor brands in the detergent market for Unilever are Keya, Chaka and Tibet. To fight this steep competition the above mentioned companies constantly run consumer promotion in hope to sell more than the respective competitors. Although this strategy worked well at first but with the passage of time, the intense consumer promotions have done little to prevent Unilever from loosing shares to its competitors. In 2004, Wheel, Unilever’s largest detergent brand ran about nine consumer promotions where as in 2005 it ran no consumer promotions at all. Consumer promotion over all is a very expensive affair. Unilever has the largest brands of detergent and so the cost of providing a consumer promotion offer is also large by the same proportion. Besides the competitor brands are known to involve in some unfair practices. They pay a very low wage rate to their labours so overhead costs are low, they under invoice their imported raw materials so that they can evade import taxes and other duties, so they save a lot of money in the process. They can then utilize this money for consumer promotion and other competitive activities that can earn them a higher share of the market. Therefore it is imperative that consumer promotions and other dependant elements have to be studied, to make sure that if a consumer promotion activity is implemented it is a highly effective one. This way, precious monetary resources have the minimum chances of being wasted. To understand the competition in the detergent market better price perceptions and product quality perceptions about the brands of detergent on promotion are also considered being worth studying. To look at market share issues, the brand loyalty element should also be explored. Statement of the Problem There are many companies that are operating to serve the detergent markets; as a result the competition has heightened. Consumer promotions are being heavily used in the detergent markets to increase sales of each available brand. Consumer promotions, when implemented use up a lot monetary resources. Failure to implement the consumer promotion activity effectively may result in major loss of money. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between consumer promotions, price perceptions with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Research Timeline 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 October November November 20 November 28 December 6 Research proposal writing and literature rivew Data collection (surveys etc. ) Data analysis and interpretation Draft submission of research report Submission of research report Limitations There are vast amounts of information and write-ups relating to the topics of this research that are present in the internet and various other sources, but it was not possible to gain access to many such information. So missing out some important aspect of the discussed topics can be a possibility. There is a major time constraint in doing the research work and preparing the report, a much larger pool of information could have been dealt with if there was more time to analyze them. A minimal sample size will be used for this research; if a larger sample was taken into consideration the research would have been more accurate. The survey will be conducted in Dhaka city which could be a possible reason for the people’s mind set to be similar and survey results not being very different from each other, the results could be different if people from outside metropolitan cities were brought under consideration. Review of Literature Consumer Promotion Sales promotions as we know is a very important component of marketing promotion. Consumer promotion (e. g. coupons, samples, contests, sweepstakes, and price packs) is a part of sales promotion that is targeted towards the final buyers of consumer products (Kotler and Armstrong, 2002). There can be various types of consumer sales promotion some are incentive based while others are communicative in nature (Kotler et al. , 1999; Tellis, 1998). The incentive based promotions can be price oriented promotion or non price-oriented promotion. According to Britannica (article 21279) advertising presents a reason to buy a product but consumer promotion offers a short-term incentive to purchase. Consumer promotions often attract brand switchers (those who are not loyal to a specific brand) who are looking primarily for low price and good value. Thus, especially in markets where products are highly similar, consumer promotions can cause a short-term increase in sales. Abraham and Lodish (1987) stated that many consumer goods categories sold 90% of their volume on special deals which is a result of consumer promotion. Consumer promotion is thought to be a tool that helps manufacturers and retailers to achieve their objectives of generating sales (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that the influence of sales promotions on the consumer will also depend on the consumer’s characteristics Price Perceptions According to Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) price perception is about how customers see a product’s price, as high, low or fair. They also stated that perception of price unfairness affect consumers’ perceptions of value and ultimately their willingness to buy a product. According to Moore et al. (2003) years of research concerned with price show both positive and negative perceptions serve as marketplace cues. Several studies have also portrayed the role of price perceptions as an attribute to success (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). When the price perceptions are high this is a sign of positive quality, prestige and status (Moore et al. , 2003). The concept of reference price is related to price perceptions. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated that reference price is the price the consumers use as a basis for comparison in judging another price. It is through reference price that the price perception of a brand of product is formed. When the consumer plans to buy a product, he or she will judge prices comparatively with the reference prices in order to determine whether the price is acceptable or not (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that, a result of consumers’ comparison between the prices and the reference price, potential losses and gains emerge. The consumer perceives a gain when the reference price is higher than the observed price. If the observed price is higher than the reference price, the consumer experiences a loss. Product Quality Perceptions Product quality perceptions represent consumer judgment about the superiority of a product, which the user-based approaches think is essential in describing quality (Forker et al. , 1996). Bundles of attributes together represent a certain level of quality, which therefore provide utility to the customer (Snoj et al. , 2004). The benefits are measured through a perceived level of quality (level of working superiority), a bundle of attributes in comparison with the consumer’s expectations. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated consumers often judge the quality of a product on the basis of a variety of informational cues that they associate with the product. They also stated that the cues can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic cues are related to the physical characteristics of the product itself, like size, colour, flavour, aroma etc. The extrinsic cues on the other hand are related to elements that are put together with the actual product like packaging, pricing, advertising etc. The perceived quality of products and services is central to the theory that strong brands add value to consumers purchase evaluations (Low and Lamb, 2000). Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is the ultimate desired outcome of consumer learning (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2004). According to Rawly and Dawes (1999) brand loyalty is the likelihood of positive attitudes and behaviours of consumers towards a particular brand, this could amount to repeat purchase and positive word of mouth. They also stated that a loyal customer base is an asset for a company and it reduces the need for seeking new customers. It is also a known fact that retaining current customers requires less money and effort than getting new ones. The strongest measure of brand value is the loyalty a company produces among customers (Aaker, 1996). According to Quester and Lim (2003) brand loyalty is known to have two components, namely attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty. Behavioural loyalty is related to consistent purchase behaviour of a specific brand; it is the consumer’s overt purchase behaviour (Dikempe et al. , 1997) while attitudinal loyalty refers to a highly favourable attitude towards a particular brand. Rowley and Dawes (1999) stated that to understand brand loyalty better the following components of attitude model should be considered: 1. Cognitive component – associated with a â€Å"rational decision making based on informational determinants. 2. Affective component associated with emotions and feelings about the product or service. 3. Conative components – associated with a behavioral disposition. Relation between consumer promotion and product quality perceptions A primary reason for consumer promotion is to give an impression of greater quality and appeal to the potential customers (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). Sales promotion influence the relative weighting of the utility factors and extends the perceived quality (Groth and Dye, 1999). Sales promotions can offer many benefits, the most obvious being monetary savings, and also motivation to perceive higher quality, convenience, value (Quock and Uncles, 2005). The way a consumer promotion is framed is likely to effect consumers perceptions of price, quality, value, and purchase intentions (Munger and Grewal, 2001). Ong (1997) on the other hand stated that there is a danger of unfavorable consumer perception as a result of consumer promotion activity like bonus packs etc. Consumers tend to think that at the normal price or offering they over pay for a given level of quality, so their quality perception is affected. Relationship between price perception and product quality perceptions The more quality a product possesses the more utility it contains and the more its price should be in the market (Sjolander, 1992). According to Sjolander (1992) it is very much expected that there is a very strong positive relation between perceived price and perceived quality. Perceived quality explains a considerable portion of the variance in the price the consumers are willing to pay for different brands (Low and Lamb, 2000). Unfavorable price perceptions may have a direct effect on customer intention to switch to a different brand, because the consumers might think that the price does not match quality (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). Companies sometimes attempt to appeal to uninformed consumers by using high prices from start as a signal of high quality, with the belief that if they perceive the price of their products to be high then they automatically perceive the product quality to be high as well (Kalita et al. , 2004). Relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty According to Alvarez and Casielles (2004) promotions can have, as an effect, the consumer acquiring a brand that he or she would not otherwise try. They also stated that categories of products whose buyers are very loyal, consumer promotion activity like coupons etc that reward the loyalty could have a bigger effect. Srinivasan and Anderson (1998) acknowledged that many times sales promotions are used by new entrants to break consumers’ brand loyalty toward established brands. In the short run, established brands may be able to ignore sales promotions from new brands without serious loss of sales. Over the longer run, however, unless proper defensive and counter-offensive strategies are developed and implemented, established brands can gradually lose their loyal customer base. Dawes (2004) on the other hand stated that repeat buying rates that buying a brand on promotion decreases the likelihood of a subsequent purchase of that brand. Relationship between price perception and brand loyalty Alvarez and Casielles (2004) stated that when the consumer perceives a loss, the utility that the provides (brand) will diminish, and with it the likelihood of purchase will also go down. If, in contrast, the consumer perceives a gain, he or she will be more inclined to purchase the brand. Price perceptions are expected play an increased role in determining both post-purchase satisfaction and brand loyalty (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). According to representative research higher perceived prices leads to expectation of higher perceived quality and value, in turn lead to higher levels of satisfaction of customers, greater levels of customer loyalty and retention and to a greater success of organizations (Snoj et al. , 2004). Relationship between quality perception and brand loyalty According to Ruyter and Wetzels (1997) the perceived quality is often viewed as a pre-requisite for loyalty and that perceived quality contributes positively to increase loyalty. They also stated that the influence of quality on preference loyalty generally varies per industry. Boulding et al. (1993) found positive relationships between quality and repurchase intentions and willingness to recommend to others. Because product quality perceptions influence value, efforts of marketers have focused on improving product quality in order to enhance perceptions of value, and consequently purchase intentions leading to loyalty (Grewal and Munger, 2001). The loyal customers, who gave indication that they would return, will be the internal level for managers to improve their quality in order to increase customer loyalty (Bowen and Chen, 2001). Research Question The following questions have to be addressed for the study: 1. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 2. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 3. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 4. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 5. Is there any significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? Hypothesis The hypothesis that can be derived from the research questions are: 1. There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 2. There is significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 3. There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. . There is significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 5. There is significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Development of Conceptual Framework †¢ Consumer Promotion †¢ Price Perception †¢ Product Quality Perception Figure 1 . Model 1: Conceptual F ramework of research variables †¢ Consumer Promotion †¢ Price Perception †¢ Product Quality Perception †¢ Brand Loyalty Figure 2. Model 2: Conceptual Framework of research variables Methodology Research design The illustrations of the conceptual framework model 1 and 2 (Figure 1 and 2) above gives a visual idea of the relationship and structure that exists among the study variables. The main purpose of the research is to assess the existing correlation among the variables. This research is about exploring and understanding the relationship that exists between consumer promotion, price perception with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Here in the first model (figure 1) the independent variables are assigned to be consumer promotions and price perceptions. The dependant variable on the other hand is product quality perception. In the second model (figure 2) the independent variables are consumer promotions, price perceptions and product quality perceptions, in this case the dependant variable is brand loyalty. So the researcher is attempting to find out, if any changes in the independent variable have a changing effect on the dependant ones as well, thereby proving that a relationship exists. The researcher also tried to find out the degree to which a change in the dependant variables has an impact on the independent ones, in other words the degree of relation is also explored here. Therefore the correlation study was chosen for this research. Sampling method The required data for this research was collected from the regular customers of detergents. There was no particular sample frame available for this research so convenience sampling was used, as it is also the cheapest and the easiest methods of sampling. The sample frame for this research consisted of shoppers (mainly house wives) at different shopping centres and stores etc, and also the parents of school children were included. In the shopping centres the researcher surveyed the people who seemed to be the most appropriate respondent for this kind of survey. The parents of kindergarten students, who spend time waiting for their kids outside the schools, were also surveyed, because they usually have a lot of time to spare and can give valuable inputs. Due to time constraints the survey was conducted in Dhaka city only. Over all there were about a 104 people who participated in the survey. Survey instrument A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire consists of different parts to gather information on the different variables under considerations. The questionnaire is the best instrument for the survey in this case because, for a correlation study the sample sizes have to be very large as it is quantitative in nature, so surveying so many people with personal interviews or observations would be next to impossible. With questionnaires, no responses of the respondents can be missed out. It gives more time to the respondents to think and then give the answers. And it is a quicker and cheaper way to conduct the survey. Questionnaires can be conducted in any environment, with minimum influence of the outside environment. Questionnaires also have the advantage of keeping the personal details of the respondents confidential. A sample of the questionnaire has been attached in the appendix 1. The first 6 questions have been set to measure the respondents’ opinions regarding sales promotion.

Tuesday, March 10, 2020

The History of Space Shuttle Challenger

The History of Space Shuttle Challenger Each year in January, NASA honors its lost astronauts in ceremonies marking the loss of space shuttles Challenger and Columbia, and the Apollo 1 spacecraft. The space shuttle  Challenger, which was first called STA-099, was built to serve as a test vehicle for NASAs shuttle program. It was named after the British Naval research vessel HMS Challenger, which  sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870s. The Apollo 17 lunar module also carried the name of Challenger. Space Shuttle Challenger Liftoff. This spacecraft was lost on January 28, 1986, when it exploded 73 seconds after takeoff. Seven crew members lost their lives. Public Domain, NASA In early 1979, NASA awarded space shuttle orbiter manufacturer Rockwell a contract to convert STA-099 to a space-rated orbiter, OV-099. It was completed and delivered in 1982, after construction and a year of intensive vibration and thermal testing, just as all its sister ships were when they were built. It was the second operational orbiter to become operational in the space program and had a promising future as a historic workhorse delivering crews and objects to space.   Challengers Flight History On April 4, 1983, Challenger launched on her maiden voyage for the STS-6 mission. During that time, the first spacewalk of the space shuttle program took place. The Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA), performed by astronauts Donald Peterson and Story Musgrave, lasted just over four hours. The mission also saw the deployment of the first satellite in the Tracking and Data Relay System constellation (TDRS). These satellites were designed for communications between Earth and space. The next numerical space shuttle mission for Challenger (though not in chronological order), STS-7, launched the first American woman, Sally Ride, into space. For the STS-8 launch, which actually occurred before STS-7, Challenger was the first orbiter to take off and land at night. Later, it was the first to carry two U.S. female astronauts on mission STS 41-G. It also made the first space shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center, concluding mission STS 41-B. Spacelabs 2 and 3 flew aboard the ship on missions STS 51-F and STS 51-B, as did the first German-dedicated Spacelab on STS 61-A. Challenger once carried a spacelab to orbit for astronauts to use for scientific missions. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA-MSFC) Challengers Untimely End After nine successful missions, the Challenger launched on its final mission, STS-51L on January 28, 1986, with seven astronauts aboard. They were: Gregory Jarvis,  Christa McAuliffe,  Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka,  Judith Resnik,  Dick Scobee,  and Michael J. Smith. McAuliffe was to be the first teacher in space and had been selected from a field of educators from around the United States. She had planned a series of lessons to be conducted from space, broadcast to students throughout the U.S.   Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster STS-51L Pictures - LOX Tank Rupture. NASA Seventy-three seconds into the mission, the Challenger exploded, killing the entire crew. It was the first tragedy of the space shuttle program, followed in 2002 by the loss of the shuttle Columbia.  After a lengthy investigation, NASA concluded that the shuttle was destroyed when an O-ring on a solid rocket booster failed. The seal design was faulty, and the problem was made worse by unusually cold weather in Florida just prior to launch.  Booster rocket flames passed through the failed seal, and burned through the external fuel tank. That detached one of the supports that held the booster to the side of the tank. The booster broke loose and collided with the tank, piercing its side. Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen fuels from the tank and booster mixed and ignited, tearing  Challenger  apart.   A piece of the space shuttle Challenger that was recovered, being placed into its final resting place at Kennedy Space Center. NASA Headquarters - GReatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) Pieces of the shuttle fell into the ocean immediately following the breakup, including the crew cabin. It was one of the most graphic and publicly viewed disasters of the space program and was filmed from many different angles by NASA and observers. The space agency began recovery efforts almost immediately, using a fleet of submersibles and Coast Guard cutters. It took months to recover all the orbiter pieces and the remains of the crew.   In the wake of the disaster, NASA immediately halted all launches. The restrictions on flight lasted for two years, while the so-called Rogers Commission investigated all aspects of the disaster. Such intense inquiries are part of an accident involving spacecraft and it was important for the agency to understand exactly what happened and take steps to make sure such an accident didnt occur again.   Space Shuttle Challenger final crew. NASA Headquarters - GReatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) NASAs Return to Flight Once the problems that led to the Challengers destruction were understood and fixed, NASA resumed shuttle launches on September 29th, 1988. It was the seventh flight of the Discovery orbiter The two-year moratorium on launches put a number of missions back, including the launch and deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope. In addition, a fleet of classified satellites was also delayed. It also forced NASA and its contractors to redesign the solid rocket boosters so that they could be safely launched again.   The Challenger Legacy To memorialize the crew of the lost shuttle, the victims families established a series of science education facilities called the Challenger Centers. These are located  around the world and were designed as space education centers, in memory of the crew members, particularly Christa McAuliffe.   The crew has been remembered in movie dedications, their names have been used for craters on the Moon, mountains on Mars, a mountain range on Pluto, and schools, planetarium facilities  and even a stadium in Texas. Musicians, songwriters, and artists have dedicated works in their memories. The legacy of the shuttle and its lost crew will live on in peoples memory as a tribute to their sacrifice to advance space exploration. Fast Facts Space shuttle Challenger was destroyed 73 seconds into launch on January 28, 1986.Seven crew members were killed when the shuttle broke apart in an explosion.After a two-year delay, NASA resumed launches after an investigation found underlying problems for the agency to solve. Resources NASA, NASA, er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/explode.html.NASA, NASA, history.nasa.gov/sts51l.html.â€Å"The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster.†Ã‚  Space Safety Magazine, www.spacesafetymagazine.com/space-disasters/challenger-disaster/. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Saturday, February 22, 2020

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Summary - Essay Example that Ronald Regan did not formulate the drug law with the intention of saving the American society but with the intention of making his leadership popular. From the interview, it is evident that the new drug law simply focuses much on fishing out African-Americans and taking them to prison since the notion that most police departments have is that individuals from this race are potential criminals. As a result, the drug law, as Michelle asserts, is simply a replica of the Jim Crow System, which ensures mass African-Americans incarceration. Certainly, the evidences provided by Michelle are backed up by most of the incoming callers who also agree that the drug law is just but another form of Jim Crow System (On-Point with Tom Ashbrook). Generally, the drug law has resulted to some innocent individuals being taken to jail for drug offences, thereby their rights being violated. Since most U.S. police departments are keener on the way African-Americans carry out themselves than other races, a higher percentage of prisoners in most jails are African-Americans. Therefore, there is clear evidence that racial discrimination against African American still exists, and there is enough evidence depicted when an explanation of what feels like to be a young African-American in the U.S. is described; African-Americans are always viewed as potential criminals. In this On-Point Radio discussion, Tom Ashbrook interviews two guests; David K. Randall (a professor at New York University) and Rosalind Cartwright (a professor at Rush University). The discussion focuses much on Randall’s book â€Å"Dreamland: Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep.† Generally, what inspired Randall to write this book was the fact that he used to sleepwalk. Therefore, after visiting several doctors with few positive results, he decided to carry out research on sleep in humans. According to Randall, his main focus was to recognize whatever takes place when an individual is asleep. In addition,

Thursday, February 6, 2020

Legal research skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal research skills - Essay Example 8. Which documents must be obtained before conducting a charitable collection and from which bodies a) The promoters of the charitable collection must hold a public collections certificate obtained from the Commission (S 52 (1)), and b) A permit issued by the local authority in whose area it is conducted (S 59 (1)) 9. What types of financial assistance may a Minister give to a charity Financial assistance may be given by way of: (a) grants, (b) loans, (c) guarantees, or (d) incurring expenditure for the benefit of the person assisted. (S 70 (2)) 10. What is the maximum period a person can be a member of the Charity Commission Membership in a Charity Commission is only for a maximum of 3 years. (Schedule 1A, S3(1)) Task 2: Statutory Instruments (SIs) Chosen statutory instrument (SI): Cattle Identification Regulations 2007 (SI 2007/529) 1. When did the regulations come into force The regulation came into effect on the 6th April 2007 (S 1) 2. What is a "holding" under the regulations A "holding" means any establishment, construction or, in the case of an open-air farm, any place in which cattle are held, kept or handled (S 2(1)(c)) 3. When must ear tags be applied to ears of bison The keeper must apply both tags when the calves are separated from their dams or within nine months of the birth, whichever is the sooner. (Schedule 1, 1(3)(c)) 4. A farmer discovers that his cow has lost her ear tag. She was born on 1 February 2007 in Somerset. What must the farmer do and by when He must, within 28 days of the discovery, replace it with another ear tag bearing the same number (which must be a primary tag if the original was primary or a primary or secondary tag if the original tag...(S 18) c) the need for the charity (or the receiving charity in the case of a transfer) to have purposes which are suitable and effective in the light of current social and economic circumstances (S18) He must, within 28 days of the discovery, replace it with another ear tag bearing the same number (which must be a primary tag if the original was primary or a primary or secondary tag if the original tag was secondary) and failure to do is an offence. (Schedule 1, (4)(2)) In the case of a dairy herd, the second ear tag is applied within 20 days from the birth of the calf (Schedule 1, 3 (c)). From the time the Farmer or keeper applies that 2nd tag, he must within 7days register the calf (Schedule 2, 3(1)). The judges in the case were Lord Brown-Wilkinson, Lord Lloyd of Berwick, Lord Hoffman, Lord Hope of Craighead, and Lord Clyde (House of Lords Judgments - Alan Wibberly Building Limited v. Insley / Session 1998-99/ 29 April 1999) Lord Hoffman gave the leading judgment contained in paragraphs 3-24 of the Opinions of the Lords of Appeal, 29 April 1999. The other judges expressed their affirmation to Lord Hoffman's judgment (paragraphs 1, 2, 25 and 31) a.